Low levels of GH and IGF-1 have been associated in different cohorts with endothelial dysfunction, increase in carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), impaired coronary blood flow, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke ( 3 GH deficiency in adults In adults, HGH deficiency is associated with changes in body composition, including reduced lean body tissue, skeletal and myocardial muscle, increased total and trunk fat mass (FM), osteopenia or osteoporosis, and dry, thin, wrinkled skin
Experts have estimated that a Western diet contains 5-7 micrograms of vitamin B12, and a multivitamin often contains 12-25 micrograms
Trends in Biochemical Sciences
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doi: 10.1155/2019/2923072 123 HanYXuXTangCGaoPChenXXiongXet al